In general, when I say I am a programmer, people exclaim: "Ooh, you must be good at math!".
And I try to persuade them programming has little to do with maths, actually, beside simple operations you do on your calculator, and lot, lot of logic. So once you learned to do +, -, *, / and wrapped your mind around hexadecimal (and binary) concepts, and the or/and/not/xor concepts (logical and binary), optionally the shift operations and square root, you are good to go for 90% of your programming needs.
Hey, if you ever need to do stats, integration or projection, in general you don't do the deep maths yourself, you find a good library doing the hard stuff for you, and just use it (although at least a light understanding of what is going on allows to avoid the biggest mistakes by checking results are looking good).
Except, of course, this applies mostly to business/technical programming, the one most computer engineer practice every day.
Obviously, and you hit that yourself, Processing and other similar visual frameworks, often ask you some more math knowledge, particularly on the geometry area, starting with simple trigonometry and vector manipulations, optionally dipping into matrix operations,
numerical analysis (something I had the hardest time to wrap my mind around at the university... I should try and study it again to see if my PoV has changed over time) and so on.
Alas, I have no hard and fast advice. Like RickiG, I would advice to look tutorials on geometry, first because it has immediate results on the usage with Processing (and you can use Processing to help grasping some concepts!), secondly because as a designer, you might find easier to understand the visual concepts (I know I do, I am a visual guy).
Studying with somebody (math course) might help, but you have to find the right guy (or gal), patient, lively, more on the concrete side than on the theoretical one... A good prof can make the topic fascinating, a bad one can disgust you definitively...